Finding the best French Press depends on what matters most to you—whether it’s durability, capacity, or ease of use. The Ziruma Non-Toxic Stainless Steel French Press stands out for its robust, plastic-free construction and excellent insulation, making it ideal for travel. The Cafe Du Chateau Stainless Steel French Press offers a reliable, straightforward brewing experience at a great price. The main tradeoffs in this category often involve balancing build quality with price, capacity with size, and simplicity with features. Continue reading for a detailed comparison that helps you choose the perfect French Press for your needs.
Key Takeaways
- Stainless steel models generally provide better durability and insulation than glass options, but may be heavier.
- Capacity varies significantly, so consider how much coffee you typically brew at once—most users prefer 34oz for everyday use.
- Filters with multiple layers improve coffee clarity but can complicate cleaning; a 4-layer filter often strikes the best balance.
- Plastic-free construction is a key feature for those seeking health-conscious and eco-friendly options, as seen in Ziruma and Veken models.
- Price correlates with build quality and features, but premium models often offer longer-lasting performance and aesthetic appeal.
| Ziruma Non-Toxic Stainless Steel French Press, 34 oz, Plastic-Free, Double-Wall Insulated, 4-Layer Filter, Portable |  | Best Overall for Health-Conscious and On-the-Go Coffee Lovers | Capacity: 34 oz | Material: 316 surgical-grade stainless steel | Insulation: Double-wall | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Cafe Du Chateau Stainless Steel French Press Coffee Maker 34 oz |  | Best for Versatility and Stylish Design in a Glass and Steel Combo | Capacity: 34 oz | Material: Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, plastic | Filtration: 4-level stainless steel filter | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| QUQIYSO French Press Coffee Maker, 21 oz, Stainless Steel and Borosilicate Glass, Copper Finish |  | Best for Smaller Capacity and Stylish Copper Finish | Capacity: 21 ounces | Material: Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, copper | Filter Type: Reusable mesh | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Veken 34oz French Press Coffee Maker – No Plastic Touching, Thickened Glass, Stainless Steel Brewer, Cold Brew, Tea Pot for Kitchen, Travel, Camping, Gifts, Decor, Bar Accessories |  | Best for Pure, Plastic-Free Brewing and Travel-Friendly Use | Capacity: 34 oz | Material: Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, food-grade silicone | Thermal Shock Resistance: Up to 360°F | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Bodum 34oz Chambord French Press Coffee Maker |  | Best for Classic Design and Reliable Performance at Home | Capacity: 34 oz | Material: Borosilicate glass, stainless steel | Made in: Portugal | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Bodum 34oz Brazil French Press Coffee Maker, High-Heat Borosilicate Glass, Black |  | Best Overall for Balance of Flavor and Ease | Capacity: 34oz | Material: Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, BPA-free plastic | Made in: Portugal | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| MuellerLiving 34oz Stainless Steel French Press Coffee Maker |  | Best for Durability and Outdoor Use | Capacity: 34oz | Material: Stainless steel | Insulation: Double-walled | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Secura French Press Coffee Maker, 304 Grade Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Press with 2 Extra Screens, 34oz (1 Liter), Silver |  | Best for Rich Flavor and Reusable Filtering | Material: 304 Stainless Steel | Capacity: 34 ounces / 1000 ml | Dimensions: 6.1″D x 6.7″W x 9.8″H | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Secura French Press Coffee Maker, 50-Ounce, 304 Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Press with Extra Screen |  | Best for Large Batches and Extended Hotness | Capacity: 50oz / 1500ml | Material: 304 Stainless Steel | Insulation: Double-wall | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Utopia Kitchen 34 oz Stainless Steel French Press Coffee Maker with Double Wall Insulation |  | Best for Extended Hot Coffee and Easy Maintenance | Capacity: 34oz (946ml) | Material: 304 grade stainless steel | Insulation: Double wall | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| French Press | Capacity | Material |
|---|---|---|
| Ziruma Non-Toxic Stainless Ste | 34 oz | 316 surgical-grade stainless steel |
| Cafe Du Chateau Stainless Stee | 34 oz | Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, plastic |
| QUQIYSO French Press Coffee Ma | 21 ounces | Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, copper |
| Veken 34oz French Press Coffee | 34 oz | Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, food-grade silicone |
| Bodum 34oz Chambord French Pre | 34 oz | Borosilicate glass, stainless steel |
| Bodum 34oz Brazil French Press | 34oz | Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, BPA-free plastic |
| MuellerLiving 34oz Stainless S | 34oz | Stainless steel |
| Secura French Press Coffee Mak | 34 ounces / 1000 ml | 304 Stainless Steel |
| Secura French Press Coffee Mak | 50oz / 1500ml | 304 Stainless Steel |
| Utopia Kitchen 34 oz Stainless | 34oz (946ml) | 304 grade stainless steel |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Ziruma Non-Toxic Stainless Steel French Press, 34 oz, Plastic-Free, Double-Wall Insulated, 4-Layer Filter, Portable
This Ziruma French Press stands out for its surgical-grade stainless steel construction that eliminates plastic contact, making it ideal for those concerned about toxins. Its double-wall insulation keeps coffee hot longer, surpassing glass models like the Bodum Chambord, which lack insulation. The 4-layer filter ensures grit-free brewing, but the tradeoff is a higher price point and the need for dishwasher cleaning, unlike simpler models. Its lightweight, portable design makes it perfect for outdoor adventures, though it may feel bulkier than compact options. Overall, this press is a top choice for health-conscious users who want a durable, insulated, toxin-free brewing experience.
Pros:- Made from high-quality, toxin-free stainless steel
- Double-wall insulation keeps coffee hot longer
- Grit-free brewing with a 4-layer filter
- Lightweight and portable for outdoor use
Cons:- More expensive than plastic or glass alternatives
- Requires dishwasher for easy cleaning
Best for: Health-conscious individuals and outdoor enthusiasts needing a durable, portable French press
Not ideal for: Small kitchens or budget buyers seeking a cheaper, less sophisticated model
- Capacity:34 oz
- Material:316 surgical-grade stainless steel
- Insulation:Double-wall
- Filter:4-layer
- Dishwasher safe:Yes
Our verdict“This press is perfect for those prioritizing health, insulation, and portability in their coffee gear.”
Cafe Du Chateau Stainless Steel French Press Coffee Maker 34 oz
Compared with the Ziruma, this Cafe Du Chateau model combines durable borosilicate glass with a stylish stainless steel frame, offering an attractive look for home or office. Its 4-level stainless steel filter produces rich, smooth brews, although the glass carafe introduces fragility, which makes it less suitable for outdoor use or rough handling. The manual operation requires a bit more effort, but it remains straightforward for everyday brewing. While the capacity is identical to Ziruma’s, the glass construction may not insulate as effectively, and the fragility is a real concern for those needing a robust, portable option. It suits users who value style and versatility but don’t mind careful handling.
Pros:- Stylish clear glass design
- Effective 4-level stainless steel filtration
- Versatile for coffee and tea
- Dishwasher-safe parts for easy cleaning
Cons:- Fragile glass carafe
- Manual operation takes effort
- Capacity may be small for groups
Best for: Home baristas and office users who appreciate aesthetic appeal and multi-use brewing options
Not ideal for: Active outdoor adventurers or those needing a highly portable, rugged press
- Capacity:34 oz
- Material:Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, plastic
- Filtration:4-level stainless steel filter
- Dimensions:Not specified
- Color:Clear glass with plastic frame
Our verdict“This French press excels in style and versatility, ideal for indoor use and careful handling.”
QUQIYSO French Press Coffee Maker, 21 oz, Stainless Steel and Borosilicate Glass, Copper Finish
Compared with larger 34 oz models like Ziruma and Bodum, the QUQIYSO offers a more compact 21 oz capacity, ideal for individuals or small households. Its copper finish adds a touch of elegance, though it may tarnish over time if not maintained properly. The combination of borosilicate glass and stainless steel ensures durability, but the manual filter system means more effort to clean and maintain. While it lacks electronic features, its versatility for coffee, tea, and cold brew makes it attractive for those who want a multi-purpose, stylish press. However, the limited capacity makes it less suitable for larger groups, and the copper finish demands more upkeep.
Pros:- Elegant copper finish adds aesthetic appeal
- High-quality borosilicate glass and stainless steel build
- Versatile for multiple beverages
- Easy to clean and dishwasher safe
Cons:- Limited 21 oz capacity
- Copper finish may tarnish and require maintenance
- Manual operation can be more effort
Best for: Single users or couples seeking a stylish, smaller French press for daily use
Not ideal for: Large families or entertaining hosts needing higher capacity
- Capacity:21 ounces
- Material:Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, copper
- Filter Type:Reusable mesh
- Operation Mode:Manual
- Recommended Uses:Coffee, Tea, Cold Brew
Our verdict“This press suits style-conscious individuals who prefer a smaller, versatile brewing device with a sophisticated look.”
Veken 34oz French Press Coffee Maker – No Plastic Touching, Thickened Glass, Stainless Steel Brewer, Cold Brew, Tea Pot for Kitchen, Travel, Camping, Gifts, Decor, Bar Accessories
This Veken French Press emphasizes plastic-free brewing surfaces, making it a strong choice for those wary of plastic contamination, especially compared to models like Cafe Du Chateau with mixed materials. Its thickened borosilicate glass and stainless steel components ensure durability and heat resistance, suitable for hot or cold beverages, including cold brew. The 4-layer stainless steel filter ensures smooth flavor extraction. While its disassembly-friendly design makes cleaning straightforward, the fragility of the glass carafe remains a concern for travel or rough handling. It makes an excellent gift for those who value a clean, elegant design but should be avoided by users who need extreme ruggedness or large capacity for groups.
Pros:- Plastic-free brewing surfaces
- Thickened, heat-resistant glass
- Versatile for hot, cold, and tea brewing
- Easy to disassemble and clean
Cons:- Fragile glass carafe
- Manual cleaning of filter components
- Limited capacity for large groups
Best for: Travelers and gift buyers who want a durable, plastic-free, versatile French press
Not ideal for: Clumsy users or those needing high-capacity presses for large gatherings
- Capacity:34 oz
- Material:Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, food-grade silicone
- Thermal Shock Resistance:Up to 360°F
- Filtration:4-layer stainless steel filter
- Includes:Ounce markings, scoop
Our verdict“This French press offers a clean, stylish, and travel-friendly option for those prioritizing purity and versatility.”
Bodum 34oz Chambord French Press Coffee Maker
The Bodum Chambord is a familiar choice for traditional French press brewing, offering a 34 oz capacity with high-heat borosilicate glass and a polished stainless steel frame. Its simple design makes cleaning straightforward, but it lacks insulation, so coffee cools faster compared to double-walled models like Ziruma. While it doesn’t have electronic features, its reliable construction appeals to those seeking a straightforward, durable press for everyday home use. The main drawback is that it’s not suitable for stovetop use or heavy outdoor use due to fragile glass and manual operation. Its elegant stainless steel finish gives it an aesthetic edge over less refined models, making it suitable for a classic kitchen setting.
Pros:- Large 34 oz capacity
- High-quality borosilicate glass
- Elegant stainless steel design
- Easy to clean
Cons:- Not insulated — coffee cools faster
- Requires hand washing
- Lid design requires turning to close spout
Best for: Home users wanting a reliable, traditional French press with a large capacity
Not ideal for: Outdoor enthusiasts or those seeking insulation or high-tech features
- Capacity:34 oz
- Material:Borosilicate glass, stainless steel
- Made in:Portugal
Our verdict“This French press delivers reliable, simple performance for home brewers who prefer a classic look and straightforward operation.”
Bodum 34oz Brazil French Press Coffee Maker, High-Heat Borosilicate Glass, Black
This Bodum Brazil French Press stands out for its combination of full-flavor extraction and user-friendly design. Its borosilicate glass carafe, coupled with a stainless steel plunger, ensures that heat is retained efficiently while delivering a clean cup. Compared with the stainless steel options, its glass body offers a more traditional aesthetic and easier monitoring of coffee strength, though it is more fragile. Its BPA-free plastic components make it lightweight and easy to clean, appealing to daily users who value simplicity. The main tradeoff is its fragility—glass can break with accidental drops—and plastic parts may wear over time, affecting longevity. This pick makes the most sense for home brewers seeking a straightforward, eco-conscious option without sacrificing flavor quality.
Pros:- Enhances coffee flavor and aroma with glass clarity
- Made with heat-resistant, BPA-free materials
- Dishwasher safe and easy to clean
Cons:- Glass carafe is fragile and prone to breaking
- Plastic parts might wear out over time
Best for: Home users who prioritize flavor clarity and easy cleaning in a stylish, traditional design
Not ideal for: Busy households or outdoor enthusiasts who need a durable, travel-ready press that can withstand rough handling
- Capacity:34oz
- Material:Borosilicate glass, stainless steel, BPA-free plastic
- Made in:Portugal
Our verdict“This French press is ideal for those who want a classic look and rich flavor in a delicate, easy-to-clean package.”
MuellerLiving 34oz Stainless Steel French Press Coffee Maker
This stainless steel model from MuellerLiving is tailored for those who need a robust, travel-friendly press. Its double-walled insulation excels at keeping beverages hot for hours, a step above glass presses like Bodum for outdoor or office environments. The 4-level filtration system produces exceptionally clean, ground-free coffee, rivaling the effectiveness of the three-layer filters in other steel models. Compared with the Secura stainless steel presses, it’s slightly lighter and more insulated, but it may require more effort to clean due to its manual operation. Heavier than glass options, it’s better suited for users who prioritize durability and temperature retention over ease of handling. This choice makes the most sense for campers, commuters, or anyone needing a rugged, thermal solution.
Pros:- Durable stainless steel construction withstands rough handling
- Double-walled insulation maintains temperature for hours
- Easy to clean and dishwasher safe
Cons:- Manual brewing requires some practice to perfect
- Heavier than glass presses, less convenient for small spaces
Best for: Travelers, campers, or busy professionals who need a rugged, insulated French press
Not ideal for: Small kitchens or those preferring lightweight, delicate coffee makers for everyday home use
- Capacity:34oz
- Material:Stainless steel
- Insulation:Double-walled
- Filter:4-level filtration
- Dishwasher Safe:Yes
Our verdict“This stainless steel press is perfect for those who need a durable, hot-keeping companion outside the home.”
Secura French Press Coffee Maker, 304 Grade Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Press with 2 Extra Screens, 34oz (1 Liter), Silver
This Secura model excels in delivering rich, full-bodied coffee thanks to its three-layer filter, outperforming many single-layer filters found in other presses like the Bodum. Its 304 stainless steel construction guarantees durability, and the inclusion of two extra screens allows for customization of brew strength or refinement. Unlike double-walled steel presses such as MuellerLiving, it does not offer insulation, so your coffee may cool faster, but it’s easier to clean due to the simpler design. The larger size makes it less suitable for small kitchens or solo coffee drinkers, and manual operation means it’s not as quick as electric brewers. This option makes the most sense for those who prioritize flavor depth and filter efficiency over thermal retention.
Pros:- Durable 304 stainless steel construction
- Three-layer filter ensures rich, ground-free coffee
- Includes two extra screens for flexible brewing
Cons:- Lacks thermal insulation to keep coffee hot for long
- Size may be cumbersome for compact storage
Best for: Coffee enthusiasts who want maximum flavor and a durable, easy-to-clean design
Not ideal for: Small kitchens or those preferring thermal insulation for extended hot coffee without reheating
- Material:304 Stainless Steel
- Capacity:34 ounces / 1000 ml
- Dimensions:6.1″D x 6.7″W x 9.8″H
- Weight:2.4 pounds
- Dishwasher Safe:Yes
- Filter Type:Reusable three-layer filter
Our verdict“This French press is ideal for flavor purists who want a long-lasting, easy-to-maintain brewing experience.”
Secura French Press Coffee Maker, 50-Ounce, 304 Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Press with Extra Screen
The 50-ounce Secura French Press is designed for larger gatherings or batch brewing, offering a significant capacity advantage over smaller presses like the MuellerLiving or Bodum. Its stainless steel construction with insulation keeps coffee hot longer, making it suitable for serving multiple cups over time. The 3-layer filtration traps even fine grounds, ensuring a full-bodied, smooth brew. However, its size and weight make it less convenient for everyday use or small kitchens, and manual operation means it lacks the quick convenience of electric or press-and-serve styles. This press makes sense for hosts or offices where serving several cups at once is a priority, and thermal retention is valued.
Pros:- Huge capacity for multiple servings
- Double-wall stainless steel keeps coffee hot longer
- Extra filters included for consistent quality
Cons:- Heavy and bulky for small kitchens
- Manual operation may slow down quick mornings
Best for: Hosts, offices, or large families needing a single, large-batch coffee solution
Not ideal for: Small households or individuals seeking a compact, lightweight press for daily use
- Capacity:50oz / 1500ml
- Material:304 Stainless Steel
- Insulation:Double-wall
- Includes:Extra filters
Our verdict“This large, insulated press suits those who need to brew and serve many cups while keeping coffee hot for hours.”
Utopia Kitchen 34 oz Stainless Steel French Press Coffee Maker with Double Wall Insulation
This Utopia Kitchen French Press emphasizes thermal performance, with double-wall insulation that surpasses the non-insulated models like the Secura 34oz. Its durable 304 stainless steel resists rust, while the 4-layer filtration system ensures a clean, full-bodied brew, comparable to the MuellerLiving in quality but with added insulation benefits. The inclusion of extra filters offers extended use, and its straightforward design means easy cleaning and assembly. However, at over 8 inches in diameter and 2 pounds, it’s heavier than glass options, which could affect portability. This press is best for those who want hot coffee to last longer without reheating, particularly in colder climates or busy mornings.
Pros:- Keeps coffee hot for extended periods with double-wall insulation
- Rust-resistant, durable stainless steel
- Easy to clean, includes extra filters
Cons:- Heavier and bulkier than glass presses
- Manual operation, no electric features
Best for: Coffee drinkers who prioritize temperature retention and durability for daily use
Not ideal for: Small kitchens or users seeking a lightweight, compact option for travel or quick brewing
- Capacity:34oz (946ml)
- Material:304 grade stainless steel
- Insulation:Double wall
- Filtration System:4-layer
- Includes:Extra filters
Our verdict“This stainless steel press is perfect for those seeking long-lasting heat preservation in a durable, easy-to-clean package.”
How We Picked
The products in this roundup were evaluated based on several key criteria: brewing performance, build quality, material safety, ease of cleaning, capacity, and value for money. We prioritized models that deliver consistent extraction and durability, especially for daily use. Features like insulation, filter design, and material health were also critical in determining rankings. Our goal was to find options that suit a range of budgets and preferences, from straightforward, budget-friendly picks to high-end, premium models. The ranking reflects a combination of these factors, emphasizing long-term usability and overall customer satisfaction.Factors to Consider When Choosing Best French Press
Choosing the right French Press involves balancing several factors that influence your brewing experience and long-term satisfaction. Understanding these considerations will help you avoid common pitfalls, such as buying a model that’s too small or not durable enough for your needs. Pay attention to material safety, ease of use, and capacity to ensure your investment aligns with how you brew coffee daily. Here are the most important factors to consider:Material and Safety
French Presses come in glass, stainless steel, or a combination of both. Glass models often look classic and are easy to clean, but they are fragile and less insulated. Stainless steel options excel in durability and heat retention, making them ideal for travel or outdoor use. Consider if the material is BPA-free or free of harmful chemicals, especially if you prefer non-plastic options. The Ziruma and Veken models, for instance, stand out for their non-toxic, plastic-free construction, which appeals to health-conscious buyers.
Capacity and Size
Capacity typically ranges from 21 to 50 ounces. Smaller sizes are suitable for singles or couples, while larger models serve families or groups. Keep in mind that larger presses may be heavier and bulkier to handle or store. The 34oz capacity is a popular middle ground, offering enough for multiple cups without becoming unwieldy. Think about your daily coffee volume and storage space before choosing a size—overestimating can lead to a cluttered kitchen, while underestimating may require multiple brews.
Filter Quality and Ease of Cleaning
Filters are crucial for a clean, grit-free cup. Multi-layer filters, typically 3 or 4 layers, improve clarity but can be more complex to clean thoroughly. Simpler designs may save time but occasionally allow fine grounds into your coffee. Consider the ease of disassembly and cleaning—models with removable, dishwasher-safe filters save effort. The Secura and Bodum presses, for example, offer extra screens to improve filtration but require more maintenance.
Insulation and Heat Retention
Insulation impacts how long your coffee stays hot after brewing. Double-wall stainless steel models like Ziruma and Veken provide better heat retention, which is helpful if you like to sip slowly. Glass models generally lose heat faster unless they have an insulated design. For those who prioritize temperature stability, a well-insulated press can keep coffee warm for 30 minutes or more, reducing the need for reheating or wasting coffee.
Price and Value
Prices vary widely, from budget-friendly options under $30 to premium models above $60. Cheaper presses often compromise on durability or filtration, while more expensive options tend to last longer and offer finer features. Consider what features are most important to you and whether a higher upfront investment will pay off through longevity and performance. For casual users, budget models like Utopia Kitchen offer decent value, whereas enthusiasts may prefer premium picks like Bodum Chambord for their build quality and style.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is a stainless steel French Press better than glass?
Stainless steel presses are generally more durable and better at retaining heat, making them suitable for outdoor use or frequent travel. Glass presses, however, often provide a clearer view of the brewing process and are easier to clean. The choice depends on your priorities: if you want longevity and insulation, stainless steel is preferable; if you value aesthetics and simplicity, glass might suit you better. Both types can brew excellent coffee when chosen carefully based on your lifestyle and preferences.
How important is the filter quality in a French Press?
Filter quality directly impacts the clarity and grit of your coffee. High-quality, multi-layer filters trap more fine grounds, resulting in a cleaner brew. However, they can require more effort to clean thoroughly. Cheaper filters might let some grounds through, affecting the texture. Investing in a model with a sturdy, well-designed filter can enhance your brewing experience and reduce sediment in your cup, especially if you prefer a smooth coffee.
Can I use a French Press for cold brewing?
Yes, many French Press models, especially those made of stainless steel or borosilicate glass, are suitable for cold brewing. Simply add coarsely ground coffee and cold water, then let it steep in the fridge for 12-24 hours. Stainless steel models like Veken and Ziruma are particularly good because they don’t transfer heat, helping maintain a consistent cold brew temperature. This method produces a smooth, less acidic coffee that’s perfect for hot days or making iced coffee.
How do I clean and maintain my French Press?
Cleaning involves disassembling the filter and rinsing all parts with warm water, ideally after each use to prevent coffee oils and grounds from building up. Most models have dishwasher-safe components, but hand washing is recommended for longevity. Regularly check the filter for clogging or damage, and replace screens if needed. Proper maintenance ensures your French Press continues to brew consistently and extends its lifespan, saving you money over time.
Is a larger capacity French Press worth it?
Choosing a larger capacity French Press makes sense if you often brew for multiple people or want to prepare a batch to reheat later. It can be more convenient and reduce the number of brews needed throughout the day. However, larger models tend to be heavier and bulkier, which could be a drawback for small kitchens or frequent travelers. Balance your typical brew volume against storage and handling considerations to determine if a bigger capacity is right for you.
Conclusion
For everyday use and durability, the Ziruma Non-Toxic Stainless Steel French Press offers excellent insulation and longevity. Those on a budget will find the Utopia Kitchen 34 oz Stainless Steel French Press presents good value without sacrificing performance. Beginners or casual coffee drinkers may prefer the straightforward, classic design of Bodum Chambord, while enthusiasts seeking premium craftsmanship should consider the Bodum Chambord or Secura models. For outdoor or travel needs, models like Ziruma and Veken provide rugged, insulated options that stand up to daily adventure. Ultimately, your choice should reflect your brewing habits, lifestyle, and priorities for quality and convenience.
